Metres and Moods

It has been a convention among the poets to use specific metres used for specific occasions and moods. For example, the metre 'mandaakraanta' is used primarily to express soft feelings, especially of separated lovers. This emotion is called 'vipralambha' (separation). 'Meghasandesham' of Kaalidaasa describes such situation, where a YakSha, separated from his lover, tells the cloud which he sees to carry a message for his beloved. In this work, Kaalidaasa has made use of the 'mandaakraanta' metre, and brought out the tender feelings wonderfully.

Similarly, the metre 'rathoddhataa' is suited for describing hurried movements or scenes, or a long journey. The metre 'shikhariNee' is likewise used for expressing strong feelings. The metre 'toTaka' is used to describe the march of an army, because it uses only one gaNa, and so is smooth and regular to recite. There are also metres for different seasons.

The poets were also adept at using words blending with the moods. This method of using words which reflect the mood of the situation is called onomatopoeia. There are many instances of this in the Sanskrit literature, but we shall look at just one of them.

Read the following verse, and see whether you can get the mood of the verse. What emotion do you think is foremost in it?

सटापटलभीषणे सरभसाट्टहासोद्भटे
स्फुरत्क्रुधिपरिस्फुटभ्रुकुटिकेऽपि वक्त्रे कृते ।
कृपाकपटकेसरिन् दनुजडिम्भदत्तस्तना
सरोजसदृशा दृशा व्यतिविषज्य ते व्यज्यते ॥

saTaapaTalabheeShaNe sarabhasaaTTahaasodbhaTe
sphuratkrudhi parisphuTadbhrukuTike(a)pi vaktre krte .
krpaa kapaTakesarin danujaDimbha dattastanaa
saroja sadrshaa drshaa vyatibhiShajya te vyajyate ..

  

Obviously, the first two lines sound very hard, and depict, probably, something violent. You may also note that the next two lines sound relatively soft. This is because the poet has used hard consonants  'bha', 'pha', 'Ta', 'ha', 'dha' repeatedly in the first two quarters. But in the next two, he uses 'da', 'Da', 'sa','sha', 'ja' etc., which are softer to hear.

Now we come to the meaning of the verse. It describes the appearance of Lord Nrsimha when he came out of the pillar to protect Prahlaada and to kill HiraNyakashipu. The first two lines describe how frightening his face was, with his loud laugh and contorted eyebrows. The next two lines say how the same face looked kindly at Prahlaada and blessed him, as though the Lord were a mother feeding her child with her milk! The poet uses hard consonants to express hard feelings, and soft ones to express soft feelings. In this way, the reader gets an idea about the situation, even before the meaning is understood.

Another example is the verse (given as an exercise) that describes Lord KrShNa's dance on the hood of the serpent Kaaliya. (It begins thus : 'lolaapatachcharaNa...'). Here, the words are chosen so as to give a musical effect to the verse, making the verse more rhyming. We can also see the use of alliteration (repeated occurrence of similar sounding words) to bring about a musical effect.

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